Displacement-dependent devices

Shape-memory alloy devices SMAD are axial restraining devices that exploit the superelastic properties of shape-memory alloys. The force-displacement curve, characterized by one or more "wedges" (sections where force remains nearly constant while displacement increases), allows SMAD to limit the maximum force transferred to the structure they are connected to. They are also characterized by a significant recentering capacity. Experimental force-displacement curve of a shape-memory alloy device. Vibrating table tests on brick walls with SMAD devices used as horizontal tie rods. SMAD devices installed at the San Francesco Basilica in Assisi.